Can Mathematics Describe Experience?
Can Mathematics Describe Experience? by Gustaf Ullman Physics and mathematics are extraordinarily powerful. They allow us to predict eclipses, explain why the sky is blue, and design quantum computers. In each case, a structured formalism—equations, symmetries, categories—captures what can be measured and tested. Yet there is a striking boundary: no matter how refined the mathematics becomes, it never seems to tell us what it is like to see red, to hear a melody, or to feel pain. This boundary is not just a vague intuition. It arises from a structural feature of scientific theories, which I call operational closure . A physical theory is operationally closed if all admissible experiments and their combinations remain within the theory. For example, quantum mechanics is closed under sequential and parallel composition of processes, under conditioning on measurement outcomes, and under coarse-graining of statistics. ...